Slavery in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1178 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Â  Slavery has played various roles in different societies all over the world, but slavery was never as abused and manipulated as it was in America. Slavery has been a part of societies even before it came to America, but American colonization and greed for profit took priority over human rights. Slavery was different for every region of colonization in America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Slavery in America" essay for you Create order Though the underlying idea of it was all the same, the different governments took slavery to new levels of torture and abuse. The main countries that colonized America were Britain, French, Spanish, and Dutch. Since these are all different groups with different ways of living, the way they used slavery was different as well. With the new found abuse of slavery came all sorts of ways to manipulate and take advantage of slaves, mainly by creating laws that limited what they could do, especially limiting how they could obtain their freedom. Every country that colonized America used slaves in some way or another. One of these countries was the Netherlands. Dutch colonization took place mainly in present day New York. The Dutch interest in slaves took place when settlers started up farms on the Hudson River. After this, slavery took off, for a little while at least. Until the mid-1600s, slaves were not expected to serve for their whole life. However, after slavery became more popular in the region, it became acceptable for white farmer to purchase African slaves in exchange for a life time of servitude. This would all change though because Britain took over this Dutch colony around 1664. A second minor country that colonized America was France. France had control of Louisiana, parts of Canada, and parts of Inland America. In Louisiana, settlers started tobacco and indigo farms. These farms then called for slaves to work the fields. Slaves in Louisiana included Africans and Indians. One of the many laws in place in Louisiana was that children were born into slavery if their mother was a slave. This was a very common law throughout all of colonized America. Also, French women were not very common, because they did not take to trip from France to America. Because of this it was very common for French men to mingle with African women. Most African women were slaves and so any children conceived were also slaves. These Afro-French children were in a unique situation because their French fathers did not want them to be slaves forever, so their fathers would decide to free them from slavery. The French also had their own slave code called the Code Noir. This was very similar to that slave codes of English settlers. A couple of the laws inside the Code Noir were that interracial marriage was forbidden and that only slave owners could free their slaves. Slaves were not allowed to buy their freedom. Florida was one of the main Spanish colonies in America. Historically, Spanish cultures is tried to religion, specifically Catholicism. Because of this, slaves in Spanish Florida had an opportunity for freedom that many others did not. Any slave that converted to Catholicism would be freed and protected under the religion. Slaves had more choices as far as what type of work they wanted to do. There were several jobs that required back-breaking work, but they could also serve as linguists, guides, and even serve in the Spanish militia. Because of the many Indians in Florida, and the fact that Africans mingled with Indians, slavery was not defined by race in Spanish Florida. Spanish settlers treated slaves better than in English colonies. Part of this was because Spanish law clarified the masters responsibility and the slaves rights. These distinctions were not made in England. Britain held the majority of the colonies in America. These included Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, and more. The laws concerning slavery were different in each colony, but the main ideas were similar. One of these similarities was a law created concerning children. Any child born in these colonies was to take the title of their mother, either slave or free. This particular law made African women very important to white men. Like with the French, many English women did not travel to America. So it became very common for white men and African women to mingle. As a result, many children were conceived and since it was more than likely that the mother was an African slave, these children were also considered slaves. Another common law was punishment for slaves. While the severity of punishment varied from colony to colony, There were laws put in place that allowed for harsh punishment of slaves for even minor offenses like theft or even being disobedient. South Carolina had some of the most sever punishments for slaves out of all of the colonies. They decided that runaway slaves would be punishable by death, and even offered rewards to individuals who captured runaway slaves. While many colonies assumed this, Virginia made a law in the 1640s stating that slaves were to serve for life. Maryland established a law stating that if a white women and an enslaved black man married, the white women would have to serve the husbands master. Englands colony South Carolina was most know for extreme slave codes. These codes severely limited slaves ability to do what they wanted when their day of work was done. Just to name some of the restrictions, when slaves traveled off of the plantations, they were required to carry a pass given by their owner that said they could be away from the plantation. Also, Runaway slaves, if captured, were brutally beaten, branded, or even bodily mutilated. African slaves had very limited options for freedom, and as time went on, these options became less and less. In the mid 1600s, slaves would runaway to St. Augustine, Florida. If they made it, they would convert the Catholicism and doing this would keep them from having to be a slave again. This option did not last ling though, as St. Augustine was burned down and the slaves safe haven was ruined. The only other realistic way for slaves to gain their freedom was to purchase it. Of course as time went on, the colonies put laws in place such as having to have the owners approval for a slave to become free, or they owner would have to move the newly freed Africans outside of some colonies, if they were to be free. These were some of the very few ways slaves could gain their freedom. Slavery was different in every colony, depending on what country was in control of the colony. There were over arching similarities, but nonetheless, each colony was different, and had its own way of controlling slaves. Freedom was also a difficult thing for slaves to gain, as many options for freedom were deemed illegal by the colonies laws. Overall, this was one of the toughest times for slavery, there was nothing to stop whites from brutally torturing slaves and they had yet to realize that they were abusing human beings that were exactly like them.

Conflicts That Arise from Particular Ways of Seeing the...

TRIAL ESSAY Conflicts that arise from particular ways of seeing the world are made evident through the shaping of texts. In Barry Levinson’s film â€Å"Wag the Dog† and Michael Moore’s documentary â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11†, it is clear that the perspectives in which the audience views the world create particular conflicts. In both texts, the conflicting perspectives arise from the way the naà ¯ve public views the world and the way that the government and media view the world through their particular agendas. In â€Å"Wag the Dog†, the plot relies on the alleged sexual impropriety of the president and the way in which particular political powers and the media intervene. In the film it is clear that the audience is seeing two perspectives, that of the†¦show more content†¦The audience is extremely aware of this through the use of the â€Å"Albanian girl† scene where through filming and editing, the American people are manipulated into believing a lie. Levinson uses dramatic irony here to emphasise this point to the viewers, who know what the public in the film do not. Brean’s assertion of â€Å"we are giving them what they want† is indicative of a public who â€Å"remember the slogans† but â€Å"don’t remember the wars†. As Brean satirises the perspective of the â€Å"outsider’s† the view in which the American people see the world is seen, especially through the use of the â€Å"Albanian girl† where the audience literally sees what the audience in the film sees and believes. As Brean uses repetition in referring to the Gulf War of ’91, the audience witnesses the verisimilitude that the public so easily succumbs to. Though, his character is portrayed in a different light at the end of the film through the death of Stanley Motts. In this scene his character shifts to that of a menacing, powerful figure. Even though the audience is aware of his significance and power throughout the entire film, the fact that he is the one that orders for Motts to be killed further extrapolates on the idea that the public is naà ¯ve to image, as even the audience watching the film believes that the character of Brean would not commit such an act. As a close-up is utilised at a high angle, high-key lighting

Scot joplin free essay sample

Scott Joplin, the King of Ragtime music, was born near Linden, Texas on November 24, 1868. He moved with his family to Texans at the age of about seven. Even at this early age, Joplin demonstrated his extraordinary talent for music. Encouraged by his parents, he was already proficient on the banjo, and was beginning to play the Plano. By age eleven and under the tutelage of Julius Weiss, he was learning the finer points of harmony and style. As a teenager, he worked as a dance musician.After overall years as an itinerant plants playing In saloons and brothels throughout the Midwest, he settled In SST. Louis about 1890. There he studied and led In the development of a music genre now known as ragtimea unique blend of European classical styles combined with African American harmony and rhythm. In 1893, Joplin played In sporting areas adjacent to the Colombian Exposition In Chicago, and the following year moved to Cedilla, Missouri. We will write a custom essay sample on Scot joplin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From there, he toured with his eight- member Texas Medley Quartet as far east as Syracuse, New York.One of his first impositions, The Great Crush Collision, was inspired by a spectacular railroad locomotive crash staged near Waco, Texas in September of 1896 (see Crash at Crush). In the late 1 sass, Joplin worked at the Maple Leaf Club in Cedilla, which provided the title for his best known composition, the Maple Leaf Rag, published in 1899. This was followed a few years later by The Entertainer, another well known Joplin composition. Over the next fifteen years, Joplin added to his already impressive repertoire, which eventually totaled some sixty compositions.In 1911, Joplin moved to New York City, where he devoted his energies to the production of his operatic work, Tiresomeness, the first grand opera composed by an African American. At the time, however, this resulted unsuccessfully. After suffering deteriorating health due to syphilis that he contracted some years earlier, Joplin died on April 1, 1917 in Manhattan State Hospital. Although Joplin music was popular and he received modest royalties during his lifetime, he did not receive recognition as a serious composer for more Han fifty years after his death.Then, in 1973, his music was featured in the motion picture, The Sting, which won and Academy Award for its film score. Three years later, In 1976, Joplin opera Tiresomeness won the coveted Pulitzer Prize. Note: Each of Joplin musical compositions referenced In this article can be played In midi format from our Songs of Texas weapon. Return to Lone Star Junction Home Page copyright 1995-96 Lone Star Junction Scot Joplin By corroding piano. By age eleven and under the tutelage of Julius Weiss, he was learning the finer overall years as an itinerant pianist playing in saloons and brothels throughout the Midwest, he settled in SST. Louis about 1890. There he studied and led in the development of a music genre now known as ragtimea unique blend of European played in sporting areas adjacent to the Colombian Exposition in Chicago, and the In the late sass, Joplin worked at the Maple Leaf Club in Cedilla, which provided the in 1976, Joplin opera Tiresomeness won the coveted Pulitzer Prize.

Psychological Testing in the Workplace

The need to retain employees in organizations has led to extensive use of psychological testing. The testing process involves measuring several human traits that, in one way or the other, affect people’s capability to contribute to the success of any given organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Testing in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The testing is crucial in both employee selection and retention processes, and it really assesses an individual’s ability to perform at the workplace. The testing process is valid and has been found to contribute positively to both the organization and the employee (Spector, 2008). Psychological Tests used at the Workplace Psychological testing involves use of specific questions to assess certain human characteristics and traits such as knowledge and skills. The tests also involve measuring certain personality types and interests. The application of the tests varies from one company to the other. Some companies use printed questions while others use online portals in their websites to reach current or prospective employees (Spector, 2008). Personality Test This test targets specific personal behaviors that may affect an individual’s capability to perform in certain specific jobs. It targets individual tendencies and, therefore, results in abundant information on the predictability of an individual’s behavior. In order to ascertain the best candidate for certain positions in an organization, it is important for the organization to carry out an assessment on the personality types of the interviewees. The expected results vary from one kind of job to another. For example, a ranger may need to possess emotional stability traits so as to successfully deliver on the organization’s goals. Emotional Intelligence Test This test is aimed at ascertaining the ability of a person to handle emotions. I t is highly dependent on a person’s state of emotion development, but not on his/her cognitive ability. The relationship that develops between a person and those around him or her is usually influenced by the person’s emotional intelligence. This test is, therefore, valuable in ascertaining an individual’s ability to relate well with others at the workplace especially if he/she occupies a managerial position. These tests are very important in the solution of social conflicts and hence can be used in behavior prediction at the workplace.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Integrity Test This is usually employed during the identification of integrity levels in a person, and it results in the patterns of behavior being quantified. This may facilitate the prediction of dishonesty behavior among the employees. This test has the capability of exposing sabotage and unethic al behavior that may affect the performance of the employees. Personality integrity, which is one form of integrity test has been found to be successful in predicting employee cooperation at the workplace (Messick, 2005). Psychological Testing for Pre-employment or Retention Apart from being used in employee selection, some tests are crucial in employee development processes. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) tests, for example, are used in employment performance evaluation to enhance advancement. Pre-employment situations may demand the application of both emotional intelligence and integrity tests to ascertain the preparedness of the prospective employees to occupy positions in the organizations. It should be noted that when the selection process is carried out effectively there is always a higher retention rate (Spetor, 2008). Validity and Reliability Issues of Psychological Testing Psychology tests that are liable and valid contribute positively to the success of organizations. Reliability refers to the consistency of the results while validity on the other hand refers to the accuracy in measurement of parameters. In order to enhance reliability, it is important for several items to be included during the test of a given personality trait. This will ensure that misinterpretation as a result of one item is avoided (Anastasi, 1997). The validity of Emotional Intelligence Test is still contested by various experts in the field. This is because of the argument by some researchers that it may also involve measuring cognitive abilities of the individuals (Spector, 2008). On the other hand, the validity of Integrity Tests in predicting theft in organizations is still doubted. This is because of the fact that most thieves in the organizations get away without being caught. This makes it hard for an organization to ascertain dishonesty in employees. Ethical Issues in Psychological Testing Techniques used in psychological testing have become specialized over time a nd have therefore been considered to invade people’s privacy. The invasion is promoted by the fact that most organizations openly communicate private information about the employees and thus failing to honor confidentiality agreements. Many employees are usually objected to the idea of communicating the results as it is usually done by most organizations (Boyle, 2006). There have been objections stating that the tests are usually very few and, in most cases, misused by the people in the management of the organizations. The misuse involves using certain tests in a biased manner against people of certain disadvantaged cultural groups (Anastasi, 1997). It should be noted here that the American Psychological Association provides that, the people who accept to take tests have rights that organizations must strive to respect (Boyle, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Testing in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11 /page Learn More Conclusion Organizations that use psychology tests appropriately are likely to get and/or retain the best employee workforce. Although the validity of some of the tests is still questioned by some psychological researchers, a large percentage of companies apply them on a large scale. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is applied widely regardless of the fact that it has the least proven effectiveness (Boyle, 2006). It is important for the various researchers that engage in studying the psychological tests to go an extra mile in studying the ethical issues associated with the tests References Anastasi, A. (1997). Psychology, Psychologists, and Psychological Testing. American Psychologist, 67(4), 27-36. Boyle, G. J. (2006). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Psychometric Limitations. Australian Psychologist, 70(4), 51-54. Messick, S. (2005). Personality Measurement and the Ethics of Assessment. American Psychologist, 50(3), 13-26. Spector, P. E. (200 8). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. This essay on Psychological Testing in the Workplace was written and submitted by user Malachi Dean to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Proposal on Employee Relations Essay Example

Research Proposal on Employee Relations Essay Employee relations is the study which investigates the industrial and interpersonal relations of employees of a certain company. It is natural, that business and management touch upon not simply the problem of production, finance, accounting, technical aspects of the work of the company but also the relations and position of employees in the company. Employee relations is closely connected with human resource management and very often these terms are confused and used as synonyms. Employees play the important role in the development of the prosperous company which can compete on the market. Every employer wants to see the talented, intelligent and qualified employees in the staff and he has to work hard to attract the team of such bright minds who will fulfill their duties well. In fact, the problem of employee relations is very broad and analyzes numerous obvious and hidden aspects. For example, many co-workers can not coexist in the single office and in this case numerous conflicts appear. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Employee Relations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Employee Relations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Employee Relations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The task of the employer is to provide the favorable conditions for work, where every employee would feel respected, protected and praised. If there are problems between the employees and their employer – it is also the subject of the research of employee relations, because every trouble, which has social character and influences the position, attitude and conditions of work provided for employees, is worth separate attention. Employee relations embrace also the problem of strikes, employee movements, labor parties, etc. Since employees have received rights for the adequate conditions of work and respect, numerous organizations and movements protect these rights and maintain employee’s well-being and protection. The problem of employee relations is quite useful for the research and the student is able to develop his critical thinking skills and knowledge practising various methods of the research and revealing the aspects of the problem in the appropriate way. The research proposal has to be informative, logical and brief. The student is expected to explain why he has chosen to research the topic on employee relations, what questions he wants to solve, what methods to apply and what results he wants to achieve. It is important to keep the writing in the persuasive tone in order to make the professor believe that the selected topic on employee relations is really interesting and requires additional attention. There are many ways to prepare a successful research proposal, but the most favorable method is to read a free example research proposal on employee relations in the Internet and see how a well-organized paper looks like. If one does not know about the appropriate manner of convincing writing, he should use a free sample research proposal on employee relations written by the well-educated expert. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Employee Relation topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Free Essays on Gambling in Baseball

DATE RAPE 90 percent of all rapes are never reported; in those that are reported about 60% of the victims know their assailants. Approximately 7,000 students on 32 campuses and found that one in eight women were the victims of rape. One in every twelve men admitted to having forced woman to have intercourse or tried to force a woman to have intercourse through physical force; that is, admitted to raping or attempting to rape a woman. Virtually none of these men, however, acknowledged to themselves that they had been raped. How Does Date Rape Usually Occur? Typically when a woman is alone with a man. Alcohol and drugs. Mixed signals. Acquaintance rape is often spontaneous, but many are planned, some days in advance. What You Can Do to Avoid Situations That Might Lead to Date Rape Examine your feelings about sex. Set sexual limits. Decide early if you would like to have sex. Do not give mixed messages; be clear. (Say â€Å"yes† when you mean â€Å"yes† and â€Å"NO† when you mean NO. Be alert to other unconscious messages you may be giving. Be forceful and firm. Be independent and aware on your dates. Do not do anything you do not want to just to avoid a scene or unpleasantness. Be aware of specific situations in which you do not feel relaxed and in charge. If things start to get out of hand, be loud in protesting, leave, go for help. Trust your gut-level feelings. Be aware that alcohol and drugs are often related to acquaintance rape. Avoid falling for such lines as â€Å"You would if you loved me.† If you are unsure of a new acquaintance, go on a group or double date. Have your own transportation, if possible, or taxi fare. Avoid secluded places where you are in a vulnerable position. Be careful when you invite someone to your home or you are invited to his home. Examine your attitudes about money and power. Think about the pros and cons of dating much older men. Socialize with people who share your... Free Essays on Gambling in Baseball Free Essays on Gambling in Baseball DATE RAPE 90 percent of all rapes are never reported; in those that are reported about 60% of the victims know their assailants. Approximately 7,000 students on 32 campuses and found that one in eight women were the victims of rape. One in every twelve men admitted to having forced woman to have intercourse or tried to force a woman to have intercourse through physical force; that is, admitted to raping or attempting to rape a woman. Virtually none of these men, however, acknowledged to themselves that they had been raped. How Does Date Rape Usually Occur? Typically when a woman is alone with a man. Alcohol and drugs. Mixed signals. Acquaintance rape is often spontaneous, but many are planned, some days in advance. What You Can Do to Avoid Situations That Might Lead to Date Rape Examine your feelings about sex. Set sexual limits. Decide early if you would like to have sex. Do not give mixed messages; be clear. (Say â€Å"yes† when you mean â€Å"yes† and â€Å"NO† when you mean NO. Be alert to other unconscious messages you may be giving. Be forceful and firm. Be independent and aware on your dates. Do not do anything you do not want to just to avoid a scene or unpleasantness. Be aware of specific situations in which you do not feel relaxed and in charge. If things start to get out of hand, be loud in protesting, leave, go for help. Trust your gut-level feelings. Be aware that alcohol and drugs are often related to acquaintance rape. Avoid falling for such lines as â€Å"You would if you loved me.† If you are unsure of a new acquaintance, go on a group or double date. Have your own transportation, if possible, or taxi fare. Avoid secluded places where you are in a vulnerable position. Be careful when you invite someone to your home or you are invited to his home. Examine your attitudes about money and power. Think about the pros and cons of dating much older men. Socialize with people who share your...

The Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Cold War - Essay Example The thrust of his call for unity was the English speaking world and the Commonwealth. The US being the biggest power in the world, and English speaking, was a natural ally that he wanted to woo. He indirectly told his American audience that support for communism in many countries was a direct threat to US itself whose influence over the â€Å"free† world would diminish as a result. Churchill expressed his fear that the emerging polarization between communist and democratic blocs of the world may result in war. He asserted that the Russians, even if they didn’t like war themselves, desired â€Å"indefinite expansion of their power and ideals† and enjoyed â€Å"fruits of war† (Churchill). Indirectly mentioning sea, land and air capabilities of the military, he advised that it was through military strength that a sense of security would prevail. This strength could also provide the negotiation leverage to find a mutually agreeable formula with Russians under the umbrella of United Nations Organizations. Joseph Stalin, in an interview to Pravda some time later, responded to Churchill. At the outset, he termed the idea of a brewing war ludicrous and a product of the mind of someone â€Å"who lost one’s reason† (Stalin). Picking up cleverly on Churchill’s call for the English speaking world to unite, Stalin termed it as an attempt to create a racial divide, linguistic superiority and a holier-than-thou approach to achieve his goals of fomenting an imaginary war. He compared Churchill’s speech with Hitler’s policies who believed in the superiority of those who spoke the German language. Stalin recalled in detail the sacrifices Soviet Union had made during the world war and termed them higher than any other country involved in the war. In doing so, he tried to bring home the point that Russia was committed to peace in the world

Answer the following and write each answer to each page , it has to be Assignment

Answer the following and write each answer to each page , it has to be 4 pages - Assignment Example n the ties between a given religions enables spiritual strength in this essence sharing basic meal and drinks with people from the same faith strengthen the relationship and work in strengthen beliefs. The concept of communality is all about sharing with those who are less privileged as a means of showcasing the humanitarian aspects. In a wider spectrum the concept of communality is a means of ensuring world peace by reducing the aspects of conflict (Boff 233-65). In situations where exist a culture of intolerance the concept of communality. In this case conflicts arise due to either lack of tolerance or the inequitable in terms of resources. Those deprived basic resources result in conflict as a means of expressing their dissatisfaction According to Boff (197-99) the element of communality is to allow those privileged to share with others as a principle of hospitality. The concept would work a long way to ensure the world is peaceful by eliminating causes of conflicts. The society need to work in the best interest of the human race and create a culture of sharing. The charter of compassion (2008) derives its model based on tolerance. In this compassion is meant to deal with differences that exist within the world. By dealing with religious, political and ideological differences the world would have dealt with the demerits cased by conflicts. The charter outlines how humans coexist within their natural spaces. The bond between humans could be achieved if the charter of compassion is fully realized. The basis of the principle of compassion is laid on spiritual, ethical and religious components. The principle outline the needed for equity, and respect for all human races. According to the charter the world should gear towards creating a culture of similarities by utilizing the necessary mechanism. The charter differs from the concept of communality in that it addresses the responsibility of humans in a bid to minimize conflict. In this case the element of

CheckPoint-Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Example for Free

CheckPoint-Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Communication is the most important key to any relationship, in the business world it is the way to keep the business running smoothly. This is why analyzing the audience is the most important task a writer can perform in order to effectively communicate or present any information to their audience. In this particular scenario, I have been assigned to write a report to the management team at my work place. Therefore it is important for me to analyze all of the characteristics of each of the member of my management team to ensure the effectiveness of my report. Since I will be writing a formal report, I would need to ensure that it is legible, use appropriate wording in order to create the proper business tone in my report. I need to ensure that all information written on my report is accurate. Check that all of my sources are credible and that there won’t be any misunderstanding in the report. The writer’s credibility is an extremely important thing to have; this is why I would have to make sure that all of the data posted on my report is accurate. By doing so it will show the management team that I am trustworthy, reliable and I get the job done correctly. I would also need to think about what would motivate them and interest them in my report. Therefore, I would make sure my report includes facts that would motivate them such as weekly and monthly sales reports, financial gains and productivity. These are all very important points for me to keep in mind when writing the report. If my report was poorly written and not in a business professional tone, would make me look bad in their eyes. Also failing to provide accurate information or present it in a professional way, will affect my credibility greatly. They will not see me as the honest hard worker that I am. They would instead see me as an uncaring person that did not bother to do the research and gather facts to present before them. Also if my report does not contain any information that does not pertain to the management team, I would lose their interest quickly.

Women in the IT Sector

Women in the IT Sector The underrepresentation of women in IT is a research section that has received much attention in recent years. Extant research has examined several factors that contribute to and/or increase the widening gender gap. Information technology abbreviated as (I.T) according to Information Technology association of America can be described as the study, development, implementation, support or management of computer based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware (Answer co-oporation, 2012). From the above, it can be deduced that Information technology deals with information handing out and knowledge management processing. In the early 60s and 70s, places like banks and hospitals knew about information technology, and understood then as the procedure used to store information. However, in recent times I.T has now become a familiar name. It is an Industry that uses computers, software programs and communication materials to retrieve, store transmit and secure data. Developing and developed countries rely on I.T to ensure rapid progress. Businesses and organizations also rely on the field for maximum output. Over the years, people have effectively adopted and embraced information technology in all sectors and works of life, and it contributes a significant quota to the development of the economy of most countries. Furthermore, it is quite remarkable to note that the foundation and practise of Information technology around the world is a contribution of both the male and female counterparts, and this is quite evident in most developed countries such as the United Kingdom, The United states of America and China. It is quite the opposite in seemingly developing and under-developed countries as statistics which would be presented in the latter of this report shows that women are significantly under-represented across the field. I have carefully carried out a search of literature on participation of women in the industry; also I have examined the women who had made their mark in Information technology. Moreover, the research points to the fact that womens participation in I.T has drastically dropped over the years across the field, despite efforts to attract and keep them in the field. This information presented is a rigorous social science review which would give the reader in-depth background knowledge of where Women participation in the industry started and provides accurate statistics across the United Kingdom, Europe and Africa gotten during the research on this subject. INTRODUCTION Information Technology is rapidly changing the world; it has significantly changed the way we do, the way we communicate with people all over the world. I.T has also advanced the teaching system used in all learning and teaching institutions as well as the way we protect ourselves. People are better informed, and the method of disseminating quality information across the world has improved. The gradually transforming of the IT industry into a household name has been an labour of both male and the female gender who have worked relentlessly to the acceptance of the field; particularly in high developed countries who support the practise of information technology in all fields of life. However, inequality between women and men has persisted in hiring and retention of women at all levels of information technology (I.T), this accounts from the few number of girls who have had an understanding of computer modules in schools, to the low percentage of women/ females who take up any IT course as an undergraduate level and more visibly the lack of female in excellent organisational and academic positions. What seem to have been a common ground and industry for both gender has now become a seemingly mans world due to the low participation of women in this sector. Gender indifferences in IT careers seem to be affecting the competitiveness of companies globally. It posited that given the current labour shortage in the IT industry, it has become more critical than ever to reduce sources of leakage in the IT career paths of women. Figures so far indicate that the proportion of women in IT has dropped from 40 percent of the IT workforce in 1986 to about 29 percent at the end of 1999 and is still dropping (Andrea Kvasny, 2004). This report presented, suggests that stronger representation by women in technical roles would help to resolve troubling human capital deficit, and will refine and extend the scope of technological applications, products, standards and practices; which will improve the society. It also shows the continuing under-representation of women in the Information technology sector. This report consists of figures and graphs. It will also discuss the contributions of women from 1842 when we had the first female programmer. It also shows the steady decline in female participation and activities over the years. AIMS OF THE REPORT Tell a valid account about the current situation of women participation in the industry. Provide a comprehensive summary of the key barriers to womens participation in technology. Provide promising practices and for addressing these barriers. Suggest ways to evaluate and improve working conditions for women in technology. HISTORY AND CONTRIBUTION An extensive research done on this subject, it is quite obvious that women have been of high repute in this field; it is publicized in an article by Anita Borg: Women participation in Information technology can be traced back to 1842; when the first woman programmer Ada Lovelace who studied mathematics at her young age designed a document that elaborated on her idea that the analytic machine an plan by Charles Babbage, might be used to compose complex music, to produce graphics, and would be used for both practical and scientific use. These notes contained a specification for the first computer program. This note can be described as an algorithm encoded for processing by a machine. She also suggested that the machine that could manipulate symbols in accordance with rules and that numbers could represent entities other than quantities characterize the underlying change from calculation to computation. Years after she wrote her article, her ideas were implemented in developing the firs t computer, which over the years has transformed to the desktop and laptops. With her contribution in helping to analyze Babbages invention, she is referred to the analyst of Charles Babbages analytical engine and the first computer programmer. (Borg, 2002) Furthermore, between the1970 to 1980, Dr Adele Goldberg who has a PhD in Information science combined with Alan Kay in developing the object- oriented programming language Smalltalk-80. This programming language was then used to model the windows, icons, menus and pointers interface at Xerox PARC which is a method for todays graphical user interfaces. With this contribution, she is accredited the co-founder of the Smalltalk-80 programming language. (Borg, 2002) Anita Borg a computer scientist also played a vital role in introducing women into the field of computer technologies by developing Systers in 1987. It was an electronic mailing list exclusively for women in the information technology. It also provided a framework that helped women who were in the field develop themselves, share and solve challenges they faced in their respective organizations/ workplace. In 1997, she later established the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology which aimed at encouraging young women to go into the technology industry. Having put all her energy into trying to encourage women into the technology industry, she is highly regarded as the cause of introduction of women to the field and a mentor of young women in the career. (Borg, 2002) STATISTICS Although, science and engineering disciplines such as Mathematics had existed over the years and dominated by men, Computer science can as well be traced far back to 1960 when it started up as a recognized academic discipline. Quite a handful of women had taken up careers in information technology. The report shows that the percentage of women in the field increased to its highest by 36%; 1985 to 1991, but it slowly drops to 25% between 1991 down till 2008; this suggest that there has been a significant difference in the position occupied by women in the industry compared to their male counterparts. Fig 1.0 a chart showing the degradation of women in the industry Image available at: http://www.ncwit.org/sites/default/files/legacy/pdf/NCWIT_TheFacts_rev2010.pdf) Despite the increasing number of computing jobs, interest in these majors and careers has steadily declined over the past decade. Statistics show that more males have attained bachelor degrees and employed in the industry. However, female students who are enrolling in computer science and graduating with computer science degrees in the industry is steadily diminishing with only a few holding top positions in organizations. Mary Lou Roberts suggests that if the current trends continue, by 2018 the industry will only be able to fill half with its available jobs with more male candidates holding bachelor degrees in computing and information sciences (Roberts, 2007). Fig2.0 Graph showing the difference between men and women taking up a level in I.T Image available at: http://www.ncwit.org/sites/default/files/legacy/pdf/NCWIT_TheFacts_rev2010.pdf) Furthermore, the data in this study clearly indicate women are not well represented in the sector that constitutes the growth mechanism of most highly developed and developing countries. Consequently, the Anita Borg foundation relentlessly tries to encourage more young women to take up a career in the industry as well as provide more to make it an fair industry for both the male and female sexes FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY An article by J.Cohoon and W. Aspray, argues Information technology/ computing remains a heavily male dominated area even after twenty-five years of extensive efforts to promote female participation (Joanne William, 2012). Most popular discussion and research focuses on the increasing numbers of women as users of information technology with a strong emphasis on their use of the Internet and World Wide Web; several efforts have been geared to attract more women into the industry, so as to reduce the dominance of the male sexes who have taken up more careers in the industry. However, as reported by Cheris Kramarae, these efforts have not brought up the expected result, and specific factors are attributed to be responsible for the gender inequality and large disparity in the industry. ( Cheris, 2003) This section of the report reveals the factors that have been responsible for slow reduction of women representation in the industry. These factors would be discussed in the following sub-headings: LABOUR LAWS AND REGULATION In some of the middle-eastern and north- African countries, such as Jordan and Sudan. The labour laws and regulations which were originally meant to protect women have turned around to have adverse effects on womens participation and contribution to the industry and the willingness of employers to hire females into the industry. Some of the laws and regulations are listed below: Law: Regulation 55 of the Jordan law states that family allowances should not be paid to female employees for her Children if the father is still alive or not retired except in a situation of permanent disabilities Impact: there is unequal treatment of women in the area as well as her dependants and this gives women the notion that women are secondary breadwinners of the family. (Danna, et al., 2010) Law: 1996 Labour Code (Article 69) states that the Ministry of Labour can determine the industries and Job prohibited to women. Impact: this limits the womens freedom of choice of courses to study at the university as well as the careers to take up in the university. It fails to protect women and thus, exposes women to Jobs that may be quite risky. (Danna, et al., 2010) Workplace-PLACE ISOLATION In some workplaces and offices, Women who are chief executives in offices are often separated from other female workers who are under the ladder and require appropriate mentorship or sponsorship, and this affects their retention and advancement. In The Athena Factor, one-third of women in private-sector SET jobs said they felt extremely isolated at work. In the same study, 40 percent of technical women reported lacking role models while nearly half reported lacking mentors, and 84 percent reported lacking sponsors or someone who would help make their accomplishments evident throughout the organization. This particularly leads to feelings of isolation, and these feelings become more pronounced as women move up the corporate or academic ranking (Gibson, 2012). Furthermore, in some I.T industries as well, the job roles of the women are different from that of the male counterparts. This has negative effects on women as they often have no male counterparts to share ideas and problems with; either relating to their career challenges or matters outside the work place experience, hence, forcing them to either quit their job roles or change their direction of career away from the technology industry. Also, Women are left out of board meetings and taking key decision in most organizations as they sometimes are considered as un-important and their ideas or contributions would not count towards the development of the organization. They are left to their offices and only informed about the new policies, Fig3.0 Graph showing the effect of the work-place isolation factor on women. Image available at: http://www.ncwit.org/sites/default/files/legacy/pdf/NCWIT_TheFacts_rev2010.pdf) STEREOTYPING Over the years, women have cultivated fears and anxieties in taking up a career in the technology industry as they often consider it as a highly technical field and complex academic subject. Furthermore, they have developed the notion that Engineering, sciences and technology is a mans field. This therefore has reduced their sense of competence and trust. This can and most times negatively affect performance, confidence, and risk-taking behaviour. Stereotype has been a serious threat, and this majorly has made employers, supervisors, or co-workers incorrectly assume that these behaviours or lack of confidence are the result of personal characteristics of the employees themselves. These senses of un-importance and anxiety have undoubtedly ensured that these employees are not able to live up to their full potential and in most cases make them to leave the office for sense of inferiority. GLASS-CLIFF EFFECT This situation occurs when they seem to be promoted too early or put in charge of tasks they do not yet have the expertise or the ability to carry out. This often happens as supervisors, managers, or organization leaders try to meet diversity requirements. Meeting these requirements in this way, however, unconsciously sets these employees up to fail and is detrimental to the long-term interest of the company, to the employees own interest, and to future efforts for hiring and retaining diverse employees. When these female practitioners fail in the various tasks they have been assigned, it sets them up and gradually reduces their confidence and self-worth, causing them to either resign or choose another career. These factors mentioned are responsible for the decline and reluctance of young women to take up a career in I.T. It has also discouraged those with a degree in computing from taking up a career among the various opportunities in the field. WAYS TO ENCOURAGE WOMEN IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY A growing body of evidence demonstrates the importance of gender balance in leadership including improvements in organizational performance and corporate governance. Hence, there is the need to establish practices that would attract more women into the industry and increase the overall output from the Technology sector of the economy. This section gives in details specific practices which would increase womens participation in the industry and further enhance the output of the few who are still practicing. These practices are listed in the sub-headings below: Establishing Fair and Clear Promotion Criteria It is necessary to note that the basis on which men and women are judged as successful should be made even during promotion. Both men and women strongly value teamwork and realize that collaboration is essential for success. Providing an balanced working environment and opportunity is critical to retaining women in the industry. This is because in most organizations and industries, the males are quickly promoted to managerial and supervisory positions while the women kept at their primary roles take a longer time before they get promoted to managerial positions. When there is an open framework for promotion for both genders, women would give more efforts into their jobs, and this apparently would bring out the best in them. Introducing effective mentoring Mentoring is a vital practice can help female employees develop the skills and confidence they need to take on more senior roles and give their full potentials at their various place of work. It is not about the mentor teaching a specific skill; it is about creating a reflective learning environment through conversations between mentors and mentees. This would allow the younger staffs gain the confidence and the ideas they need to explore issues and develop solutions. Seeing someone like themselves in a position they pursue, will improve their workplace experience and give them Job satisfaction. Improve workplace culture Another practice most organizations and industries have not paid care to is that of providing a good working condition for the female employees. This can be achieved by providing an on-site child support to carter for nursing mothers, giving them more allowances and defining a good salary payment plan. Furthermore, providing gender specific training in leadership skills for women in the organization would provide tangible benefits. It gives a clear message to them that the industry views them as leaders and is making an investment in them, boosting their confidence and morale. Organizations which practice excellent workplace culture appeal to, and benefit, men and women, employees and manager. CONCLUSION It is quite distinct from this report that Women are relevant and to the industry. Records show that they have contributed immensely to the introduction of information technology and computing in this present age. This information document Ada Lovelace designed an algorithm used to design the first computer and have transformed to the various systems we have today. Furthermore, in 1893, Henrietta Swan Leavitt joined the Harvard computers, a group of women engaged in the making of astronomical data at Harvard. She was instrumental in discovery of the Cepheid variable stars, which are evidence for the expansion of the universe. Hence, it would be a tremendous step if these practices mentioned above implemented as this would boost the overall output from the field and send a message to the young women taking up a degree in universities that a lot awaits them in the field. It would also give them a sense of belonging and support coming into the industry. Bibliography Andrea, T. Kvasny, L., 2004. Recruitment is Never Enough. Retention of Women and Minorities in the IT workplace, 22-24 April. Answer co-oporation, 2012. What is Information Technology. [Online] Available at: http://wiki.answers.com/What_is_information technology [Accessed 24 November 2012]. Borg, A., 2002. Women in Computer Science. [Online] Available at: http://cssu-bg.org/WomenInCS/anita_borg.php [Accessed 04 December 2012]. Danna, p., Ghoshesh, H., Darawazeh, N. Sabaggah, A., 2010. Factors affecting Women participation in the Private Sector. [Online] Available at: http://www.almanar.jo/AlManarWeb/ [Accessed 03 December 2012]. Gibson, R., 2012. Factors affecting online mentoring acceptances by women professionals. [Online] Available at: http://udini.proquest.com/view/factors-affecting-online-mentoring-goid:304819169/ [Accessed 02 December 2012]. Joanne, C. William, A., 2012. Women and Information Technology. [Online] Available at: http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/women-and-information-technology [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Roberts, M. L., 2007. Why the Number of Women in IT Is Decreasing. [Online] Available at: http://www.itjungle.com/tfh/tfh011507-story02.html [Accessed 04 December 2012].

Heat and Dust (Characters and Summary)

Heat and Dust (Characters and Summary) Heat and Dust Characters: 1923Olivia, Douglas, The Nawab, Mr. /Mrs. Crawford, Mr. /Mrs. Minnies, Harry, The Begum, Dr. SaundersPresent timeThe Narrator, Inder Lal, Chid, Maji, Dr. Gopal, Karim and Kitty, Ritu, Inder Lal’s mother Summary The narrator of the present went to India in order to find out her grandfather’s first wife– Olivia’s story. She gets to know the Indian officer Inder Lal, who sublets her a small room in Satipur and becomes a friend of his.While being more and more accepted in the Indian society and knowing more about the Indian culture, the narrator herself has been changed by India as well. The change of her is not only obvious by her outward appearance, some of her attitudes has been changed as well. She thinks the old sick beggar woman is dispensable and has hesitated to help her. On the other hand, she has helped Chid without hanging back, although he was also infected. The relationship between t he narrator and Inder Lal has developed as well. They became intimate and have a love affair, while Inder Lal’s wife, Ritu, was on the pilgrimage with his mother.They like to talk to each other in order to find out as much as possible about the Indian/western world, which is foreign to them. During the conversations, the narrator finds out that Inder Lal is not happy in his marriage with Ritu. She is not good educated and can not understand his thoughts. Inder Lal’s mother has chosen her to be his wife because of the compatibility of their families and her fair komplex. Olivia’s story is plotted in 1923. The narrator discovers her story by reading her letters to Marcia, her sister. Olivia could not speak Hindu nor Urdu, what made it difficult for her to find any Indian friends.Anyhow she never had the intention to be under Indians. She does not like the Crawfords and the Minnies. They are the contrast of her: They speak Hindu, know exactly which behaviour is exp ected and get along with all sorts of situations. Her only friends in India were Harry and the Nawab. After meeting each other the first time while the dinner party in the palace, the Nawab and Olivia kept meeting each other either in her home, or in his palace. The picnic at the Baba Firdau’s Shrine ended up with a love affair between the Nawab and Olivia.Olivia got pregnant and told both the Nawab and her husband Douglas about the pregnancy. Douglas had no idea that the child might be not his. Nevertheless the Begum, the mother of the Nawab, soon arranged an abortion for her, but the scandal was not to be hidden anymore. After the abortion, Olivia made her way to X, a small village in the foothills of the Himalayas. She maintained a house there and died in the 1950s. In the end the narrator, who is pregnant from Inder Lal, but has decided to keep the baby, also comes to X and rents a room in Olivia’s house.

Persevere of a Young Lady Essay

The start of the Holocaust began under the leadership Hitler. The Nazis blindsided by ideology started a war of hate against the Jewish People. The Germans at the beginning restricted human rights and bans transportation. Later in their rampage they began the onslaught of the Jewish people. Jews that managed not to escape the German stronghold were hunted down. People of Jewish decent had to abandon their lives and go in hiding. Hidden Jews had to live in the moment because they never know what is the future is ahead. In Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, Anne Frank shows the reader that the Holocaust did exist. The diary shows how a young girl was able to persevere in the cold settings. Frank described how important to lean on family but also believe in yourself. â€Å"Anne Frank’s ability to always improve herself enables her to resist oppression, determine for growth and a mind of direction†. Anne Frank’s was in a terrible situation where she had to remain hidden and stay with people who did not respect her. Under oppression, Frank felt the need to define herself. She longed for knowledge and enthusiasm to accompany her behind the walls. She was an able to reason the best approaches to address the situation. Frank shows her dedication in improving her condition: â€Å"Alone I had to face the difficult task of changing myself, to stop the everlasting reproaches, which were so oppressive and which reduced me to such terrible despondency† (170). At the time Anne was not strong to prevail against the compression of emotions in the house. Anne realized that she was becoming narcissistic; she started to enhance her view of situation differently. As the reader I felt that Anne at moments only felt that she was only individual going through these chaotic times. The way how Anne disrespected her mother was a developmental process. Anne comments were detrimental to her mother relationship. The sadness of her mother affected different parts of the family. I felt metaphorically Anne felt that group was like a wind chime, when you affect one part the other chimes respond. The need to improve herself is important for happiness in the Secret Annexe. Anne wanted to become something bigger then she. She was determined to become an Independent Woman. Being backed in the corner, Anne belief in improvement off sprang into knowledge of optimism. â€Å"The war goes on just the same, whether or not we choose to quarrel, or long for freedom and fresh air, and so we should try to make the best of our stay here. Now I’m preaching, but I also believe that if I stay here for very long I shall grow in to a dried up beanstalk. And I did so want to grow in to a real young woman†(138-139). Anne optimism in conflicts of her family and war was best kept to herself. Frank felt that the person who is able to control a situation is the one who can master oneself. This level of maturation was achieved by a bright girl. Anne intrigue in optimism of the moment was like the saying â€Å"the longest rope in the world has an end†. She had a good idea of how days were passing in the Secret Annexe. Anne remembered the days of having the freedom to go to school. Unlike girls her age going to school, Anne wanted become a woman. Anne not only wants to be a woman but to have a vision. Anne looked to the future for motivation. Despite all the troubles she was focused on improving her status. The motivation of this girl to pursue her goal shows no matter the situation it can always be manipulated. She did not worry of the past but focused on the future. Anne hard skin started to show: â€Å"Then I began trying to talk some courage into myself. I could only say: â€Å"I must, I must, I must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Completely stiff from the unnatural position, I fell against the side of the bed and fought on, until I climbed into bed again just before half past ten. It was over! And now it’s all over. I must work, so as not to be a fool, to get on, to be a journalist, because that’s what I want! I know that I can write, a couple of my stories good, my descriptions of the â€Å"Secret Annexe† are humorous, there’s a lot in my diary that speaks, but – whether I have real talent remains to be seen. †(197). Anne showed a commitment to achieve her max potential. She will work hard to be remembered on this earth. Anne becomes very aware of her talent to write with beautiful description with clarity. I think that this moment indicated that Anne was showing Independence. She was not going to let hunger get in her way of success. Anne’s spirit of growth has enabled her to direct what in life she wanted to pursue. During the time of the Holocaust put a big strain on the individuals who were persecuted. Many lifeless acts by Germans had destroying many Jewish Famines but not their hearts. The Frank family never successfully managed to hide in Amsterdam. The Frank Family was transported to a Holocaust Camp where the Dad only managed to survive. The father of Ann Frank, Otto Frank took the need to publish Anne’s Diary. Anne’s Diary shows that the holocaust did exist and the life she has lived. This is important time in history where the most persecuted people in modern history was able to persevere.

Successes and Failure of Carters Presidency essays

Successes and Failure of Carters Presidency essays The first year tenure of Carter's presidency bought some changes in the political arena with revision in the Administration of the Social Security system that in turned increased both the wage base and rate of taxation, in order to produce the revenue required to continue the program. On the contrary, he also sent a complete energy program to Congress, to get a prompt approval, which unfortunately became the subject of an ongoing congressional argument. However, before his second year was completed his important successes include a bill to deregulate natural gas. This was a part of his original energy package and to evaluate and facilitate him to There was not much success on the economy side, even though the economy of United States continued to get better, but the growth rate seemed to be caught at around five percent of GNP, and unemployment on the other hand continued to afflict. While Inflation, worsened during his tenure. At the same time in his foreign policy Carter announced that relations of the United States with other countries would be based on a point for the rights of humans -the Carter "human rights" policy. The outcome of this doctrine brought few governments of other nations accusation of interference in internal affairs, while majority of the world A new era in Chinese-American relations was made on 1st January 1979. This was the initial steps towards normalization which began with Richard Nixon's trip to Beijing in 1972 that concluded in full diplomatic relations between the United States and China. He also made efforts to get permanent peace in the Middle East, resulting in the signing of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel on March 26, 1979. This is considered to be Carter's most ambitious foreign policy achievement. The foreign policy faced acute hindrances during the last year of ...

Grand Opening by Jon Hassler essays

Grand Opening by Jon Hassler essays ...He did not steal to accumulate the goods of this world. He stole out of need and he stole out of generosity. He stole in order to keep his body and soul together and he gave away the rest. (Page 289 hardcover) These expressions best portray Dodger Hicks, a character from Grand Opening which is a novel by Jon Hassler. Dodger was evidently a generous teenager; a quite faithful friend, but also feared being rejected by people. Dodgers fear of rejection was apparent to those who knew him. Once Dodger asked Brendan if he could live with him as an alternative to being at the reform school he was staying at. Julie and Brendan exchanged a pained glance, and Dodger, seeing it, gracefully withdrew his suggestion by laughing as though he hadnt meant it. This was the Dodger of old, all right; at the first sign of rejection he backed off with something of apology in his manner. Sorry for needing you, he seemed to say. (Page 141 hardcover) Dodger tried to fit in by pilfering things to give as gifts because he had scarcely any money. Dodger sought to be loved like he treasured others, but was apprehensive of what people thought of him. Dodger was truly generous even when it meant giving something he did not have the money for. While home from the reform school during Christmas, he stole a Zippo lighter, candy bar, and a windshield-wiper blade. The Zippo was for his mom; the candy bar was for him to eat, but the blade was for no one. He admitted to himself that he was dissatisfied that he took something he didnt need or want to give to anyone, and that he stole it just because it was there. ...but how could you resist doing the one thing in life you were good at? ... It was Dodgers policy to steal only out of necessity and never-or seldom-at random. (Page 151 hardcover) Dodger also got Brendan a present for Christmas: the caps he wanted for his c ...

Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Linguistics - Essay Example Hence, the â€Å"written† language enjoys the superiority of being official and acceptable everywhere. The difference between jargon, accents, slang and dialect is also important. Dialects keep changing since language is made and modified by the times people live in, which of course are incessantly in a flux. Some legitimacy is also enjoyed by different dialects depending on who speaks it, mainly subscribing to the various strata of society. Usually the choices of the elite determine the stratification of dialects and languages; via which many other stratification can also be explained for example fashion etc. 2. Non-standard dialects and its usage is quite political if you come to think of it. The chapters elaborates about how standard versus non-standard is largely a matter of what is in vogue at that particular point in history. For example, the r-lessness that suffers changing connotations on either side of the Atlantic is simply a matter of fashion. At the same time it is not so simple because it has serious implications for the members who speak in it as the way of talking is a very important judgment factor, voluntarily and involuntarily. This kind of stratification of language relegates communities to the periphery by defining ‘popular’ dialect etc. ... The politicians and well-educated might also talk in the same vernacular dialect to portray a sense of belonging to their local community. 3. Linguistic variability is important because it represents the variety of cultures and styles. They are of many levels and types. The various levels are lexical (vocabulary and meaning), phonological (pronunciation), morphosyntactic (syntax and usage of words), and pragmatic (way of talking, pausing, and pacing). The various types are those of social class and social networks, gender, and ethnicity. Social status has varied influences on language, with no easy one on one relation. In some places, (Arabic speaking nations), the level education defines status and not the profession (unlike America, where occupation is the general parameter). Also, the high or correct Classical Arabic is not spoken in daily use. In America, and other western countries however, standard language is preferred over nonstandard by people who are of upper class, so to s ay. Loose social ties (usually in lower class groups) tend to be more open to language change as compared to people belonging to dense social ties who maintain vernacular speech features and are less likely to language change (Milroy and Milroy). Like Labov suggested, that the lower class are also more open to language change because they are the ones who are most upwardly mobile of all class groups. 4. Language variation and gender researches show markedly concrete inferences. In case of stable language features, women tend to use standard language more than men. For example, swimming instead of swimmin’. Interestingly, women are more subject to language change than men in many western countries. In another example, Labov observed

Fast Food and Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fast Food and Children - Essay Example Studies related to the culture of color pin different societies argue about blue and pink as cool and romantic colors. However, the correlation of the colors worn by the mother in the film and the general mood indicate a controversial nature to the desired meaning. The result of the controversy is the unhappy mood evident in the mother’s face that builds suspense to audience to realize the uneasy nature the mother has towards her child. The generalized approach of the controversial use of romantic colors with the signs of depression is a lesson to the target viewers to understand the repercussions of feeding on junk food despite the delicious and appealing tastes. The child’s blue tee shirt is an indication of the love that the family seeks to share, but the daily injections bar the characters from revealing such affection in their behavior. Since the mother enters the room, the blue clothed child does not look into her eyes as he continues with his activities with know ledge of his mother’s presence and the expected injection. The wooden facilities in the house are mahogany brown. Arguably, the wooden floor matches with the furniture, but fails to match with the walls, which are white and black in color (Fast Food and Children). From an artistic point, it is arguable that the use of the wooden floor is a deliberate act for the environment to remain dull. It is notable that the reduced lighting in the room and the mahogany colored floor erode the desired humor and love that should be present in every family.

Good vs Evil in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Research Paper

Good vs Evil in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde - Research Paper Example Great people are involved in bad things this is the fact of live, yet this does not make them evil (Stevenson pp 28-75). Using the central characters and the key theme of the duplicity of mankind Louis Stevenson strategically clears the air on the broad theme of good and evil in the book. By use of the character of Dr. Jekyll, the author explains ‘good’. Mr. Utterson who is a lawyer based in London also an old friend of Dr. Jekyll; he has the quality of being loyal to his friends and also concerned about Henry Dr. Jekyll. With this loyalty, he asks him about his pal Mr. Hyde whom he had left his luggage in his will (Cresser N.P). "You know I never approved of it," said the doctor. Mr. Utterson believes that the doctor bed them by lies possession to a man whom he meet but rather than being annoyed. Dr. Jekyll he shows concern like a true loyal friend would have, from Mr. Utterson view he explain and also offer an honest and fair narrative role though this can be ironical for it is directly intertwined to his profession of a lawyer (Dury pp 2-4). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are depicted as an examination of the duality of human nature. This is expressing in the revelation that, Mr. Hyde is Dr. Jekyll only transformed into a personification of Dr. Jekyll characteristics. In the pursuit if his scientific experiments and validating his work, Dr. Jekyll claims â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two† therefore according to Dr. Jekyll’s opinion, every soul contains elements of both good and evil but is evil inside of him. As a highly respected member of the society and also an honorable Victorian gentleman, Dr. Jekyll cannot fulfill his evil desires. To satisfy and also separate the two parts he has to work to come up with a way to alienate it from his soul free his evil characteristic (Linehan pp 46). Dr. Jekyll can be considered as a complete composite because he has a mixture of good and

Leadership Approach Essay Example for Free

Leadership Approach Essay Various theoretical approaches have been conducted to determine the impact of leadership and the key attributes of effective leaders. The five research approach comprise of the trait approach, behavior approach, power-influence approach, situational approach, and integrative approach. Although each approach has its merits and issues, the focus of this paper will be the situational approach. Overview The situational leadership approach views leadership in relation to a specific context. The study suggests that for every situation a specific leadership style is appropriate. In situational leadership, the factors that affect the leadership style include the situation, the organization, the followers, the timing and the nature of work (Yukl, 2010). By assessing these factors, leaders make decisions on their leadership style. In addition, situational leadership has two subcategories. The first one reviews the similarity or differences of leadership within an organization. This study involves using comparison between situations and the differences or similarities between approaches. The second study evaluates the correlation between leadership traits, skills and attributes to leadership effectiveness (Yukl, 2010). Finally, the study by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard in 1969 provided a matrix of communication for use in this type of leadership. The matrix recommends the use of four influence competencies such as telling or directing, selling, delegating and participating. Each style is adapted to the follower’s maturity or competency. â€Å"The four styles suggest that leaders should put greater or less focus on the task in question and/or the relationship between the leader and the follower, depending on the development level of the follower† (Changing Minds, 2012). Strengths and Weaknesses The strength of the situational approach of research is that it provides a variety of study iterations, thus allowing for the researchers to control certain parts of the study. Moreover, the situation is observable and results are easy to understand. Thus the study provides flexibility and control in modifying various factors within the control situation. For instance, by manipulating a certain control situation, researchers can review the leaders’ reactions and methods to resolving the issues put forward. The weaknesses of using this approach are that it contains too many variables. Endless numbers of variables can be factored in to a situation and thus, can create confusion in the study. Moreover, the approach does not clearly distinguish between leadership and management and given a situation, managers can act as leaders and vice versa without further clarification. Examples of Situational Leadership Situational leadership exists in __________, a financial service firm, and the author’s current employer. Situational leaders use four influence competencies such as telling or directing, selling, delegating, and participating. Each style must be applied to the appropriate situation being affected and the audience or group being addressed (Changing Minds, 2012). The examples will be based on the author’s observations of her direct superior, the Senior Partner of the company, (â€Å"Eric†). As senior partner, Eric is in charge of the company’s strategic direction. Thus, he delegates authority to various skilled and competent individuals. In everyday business, Eric uses the delegating and participating style. He understands that the branch managers and senior staff are skilled to handle every day issues. However, in times of uncertainty and stress, for instance, the possible stock market decline, Eric shifts his style to more of a telling or directing style. This telling or directing style is typically used in lower competency and low trust group of followers. Even though Eric realizes that the senior staff members are well trained to handle stock market declines, Eric looks at the situation and modifies his behavior and communication style to a more directive leadership. Conclusion The situational approach in studying leadership provides an overview of the use different traits, skills and communication styles in order to fit into the situation. Although this approach has its merits and weaknesses, it is the most widely used leadership study. Regardless of the approach used in study or leadership style, the most important factor is the leader’s accountability for the outcome of the decisions made. Reference Changing Minds, (2012), Hersey and Blanchard’s Approach, Retrieved from: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/situational_leadership_hersey_blan chard.htm Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in organizations (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Roswell :: essays research papers fc

Science Fiction Final Project: Roswell On the night of July 4, 1947 a thunderstorm filled the sky with loud blasts of thunder and a distinct sound accompanied by a bright flash of light. Giving little thought to the strange occurrence, Mac Brazel went back to sleep and decided to inspect the damage in the morning. In the morning the farmer and his son were surprised to discover an area where pieces of metal were spread throughout the field. Mr. Brazel knew that the pieces appeared to be very strange so he loaded his truck with some of the debris and took them to the closest city, Roswell, which is some 75 miles from his farm. The Roswell sheriff looked at the debris and decided to call the Roswell Army Air Field. He thought that the pieces could be the wreckage of a top-secret project and that the army would be the best authority for the situation. The Army checked and found that, in fact, no secret projects had been performed in that location. Jesse Marcel and Captain Sheridan Cavitt decided to drive to the farm outside of Corona, New Mexico and look at the crash site for themselves. Upon seeing the crash site, they mutually decided that the wreckage was not from this world and that they must alert the Pentagon. The Pentagon already knew by this time what was happening in Roswell, and General Clemence McMullen told Roswell Army Air Field that they must cover up the whole story. Thus the government of the United States decided to lie to its citizens. Extraterrestrials exist and have visited our planet. The United States government as well as many other worldwide governments have proof of UFO existence but are afraid to release this information to the general public. It is up to the general public to examine the evidence and decide whether UFO’s exist. If the government is going to continue a policy of denial then the citizens must begin a policy of belief. Whether policy makers are afraid of UFO’s effect on national security or the potential mass hysteria that could follow such a release of information, the people must not sit back and let evidence of extraterrestrial contact slip through the cracks. A UFO crashed into the side of a mountain on the night of July 4, 1947. The alien craft had malfunctioned that may have been caused due to the thunderstorm.

Kamala das an introduction Essay

Kamala Das (Has also written under the pseudonyms Madhavikutty and Kamala Suraiyya) Indian poet, short story writer, novelist, playwright, essayist, nonfiction writer, children’s writer, and autobiographer. The following entry presents an overview of Das’s career through 2000. Das is one of the best-known contemporary Indian women writers. Writing in two languages, English and Malayalam, Das has authored many autobiographical works and novels, several well-received collections of poetry in English, numerous volumes of short stories, and essays on a broad spectrum of subjects. Since the publication of her first collection of poetry, Summer in Calcutta (1965), Das has been considered an important voice of her generation who exemplifies a break from the past by writing in a distinctly Indian persona rather than adopting the techniques of the English modernists. Das’s provocative poems are known for their unflinchingly honest explorations of the self and female sexuality, urban life, women’s roles in traditional Indian society, issues of postcolonial identity, and the political and personal struggles of marginalized people. Das’s work in English has been widely anthologized in India, Australia, and the West, and she has received many awards and honors, including the P.E.N. Philippines Asian Poetry Prize (1963), Kerala Sahitya Academy Award for her writing in Malayalam (1969), Chiman Lal Award for fearless journalism (1971), the ASAN World Prize (1985), and the Sahitya Akademi Award for her poetry in English (1985). In 1984, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Biographical Information Das was born into an aristocratic Nair Hindu family in Malabar (now Kerala), India, on March 31, 1934. Her maternal grandfather and great-grandfather were Rajas, a caste of Hindu nobility. Her love of poetry began at an early age through the influence of her maternal great-uncle, Narayan Menon, a prominent writer, and her mother, Balamani Amma, a well-known Malayali poet. Das was also deeply affected by the poetry of the sacred writings kept by  the matriarchal community of Nairs. Das’s father, a successful managing director for a British automobile firm, was descended from peasant stock and favored Gandhian principles of austerity. The combination of â€Å"royal† and â€Å"peasant† identities, along with the atmosphere of colonialism and its pervasive racism, produced feelings of inadequacy and alienation for Das. Educated in Calcutta and Malabar, Das began writing at age six and had her first poem published by P.E.N. India at age fourteen. She did not receive a university education. She was married in 1949 to Madhava Das, an employee of the Reserve Bank of India who later worked for the United Nations. She was sixteen years old when the first of her three sons was born; at eighteen, she began to write obsessively. Although Das and Madhava were romantically incompatible according to Das’s 1976 autobiography, My Story, which describes his homosexual liaisons and her extramarital affairs, Madhava supported her writing. His career took them to Calcutta, New Delhi, and Bombay, where Das’s poetry was influenced by metropolitan life as well as by her emotional experiences. In addition to writing poetry, fiction, and autobiography, Das served as editor of the poetry section of The Illustrated Weekly of India from 1971 to 1972 and 1978 to 1979. In 1981 Das and her husband retired to Kerala. Das ran as an Independent for the Indian Parliament in 1984. After her husband died, Das converted to Islam and changed her name to Kamala Suraiyya. She currently lives in Kerala, where she writes a syndicated column on culture and politics. Major Works Das published six volumes of poetry between 1965 and 1985. Drawing upon religious and domestic imagery to explore a sense of identity, Das tells of intensely personal experiences, including her growth into womanhood, her unsuccessful quest for love in and outside of marriage, and her life in matriarchal rural South India after inheriting her ancestral home. Since the publication of Summer in Calcutta, Das has been a controversial figure, known for her unusual imagery and candor. In poems such as â€Å"The Dance of the Eunuchs† and â€Å"The Freaks,† Das draws upon the exotic to discuss her sexuality and her quest for fulfillment. In â€Å"An Introduction,† Das makes public traditionally private experiences, suggesting that women’s personal  feelings of longing and loss are part of the collective experience of womanhood. In the collection The Descendants (1967), the poem â€Å"The Maggots† frames the pain of lost love with ancient Hindu myths, while the poem â€Å"The Looking-Glass† suggests that the very things society labels taboo are the things that women are supposed to give. In The Old Playhouse and Other Poems (1973), poems such as â€Å"Substitute,† â€Å"Gino,† and â€Å"The Suicide† examine physical love’s failure to provide fulfillment, escape from the self, and exorcism of the past, whereas poems such as â€Å"The Inheritance† address the integrity of the artistic self in the face of religious fanaticism. In Tonight, This Savage Rite: The Love Poems of Kamala Das and Pritish Nandy (1979), Das invokes Krishna in her explorations of the tensions between physical love and spiritual transcendence. The Anamalai Poems (1985), a series of short poems written after Das was defeated in the 1984 parliamentary elections, reworks the classical Tamil akam (â€Å"interior†) poems that contrast the grandeur and permanence of nature with the transience of human history. Poems such as â€Å"Delhi 1984† and â€Å"Smoke in Colombo† evoke the massacre of the Sikhs and the civil war in Sri Lanka. In My Story, originally published in serial format, Das provides details of her extramarital affairs and her unhappy marriage to Madhava Das. She is also the author of a novel, The Alphabet of Lust (1977), and several volumes of short stories in English. Under the name Madhavi Kutty, Das has published many books in the Malayalam language. Critical Reception Critical response to Das’s poetry has been intimately connected to critical perception of her personality and politics; her provocative poetry has seldom produced lukewarm reactions. While reviewers of Das’s early poetry have praised its fierce originality, bold images, exploration of female sexuality, and intensely personal voice, they lamented that it lacked attention to structure and craftsmanship. Scholars such as Devindra Kohli, Eunice de Souza, and Sunil Kumar have found powerful feminist images in Das’s poetry, focusing on critiques of marriage, motherhood, women’s relationships to their bodies and power over their sexuality, and the roles women are offered in traditional Indian society. Many critics have analyzed Das as a â€Å"confessional† poet, writing in the tradition of Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and Denise Levertov. Some scholars, such as Vimala Rao, Iqbar Kaur, and Vrinda Naur, have deemed Das’s poetry, autobiography, and essays frustratingly inconsistent, self-indulgent, and equivocal, although they, too, have praised her compelling images and original voice. Such commentators have suggested that Das is both overexposed and overrated. Other scholars, such as P. P. Raveendran, have connected the emphasis on the self in Das’s work to larger historical and cultural contexts and complicated, shifting postcolonial identities. Indian critics have disagreed about the significance of Das’s choice to write of her experiences as an Indian woman in English; some scholars suggest that, in her shunning of traditional aesthetic form, she has created a new language for the expression of colonial contradictions. Despite disagreement over the aesthetic qualities and consistency of Das’s body of poetry, scholars agree that Das is an important figure whose bold and honest voice has re-energized Indian writing in English.

Chemistry Lab Report: The effect of acid rain on different metals Essay

* Research question: From all of the metals Iron, Copper, Tin, Aluminium, Lead, Nickel, used in the architecture of a building, which of these metals will corrode the least when acid rain reacts with these metals? * Background Information :Acid rain is caused by air pollution when fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas is burnt and when smoke is emitted from industries into the air. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which is present in the smoke, reacts with the water and the other chemicals in the air to form nitric acid(HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) which falls down to the earth’s surface as acid rain and since it is corrosive, it causes damage to buildings, sculptures and to other forms of infrastructure. * Theory: Metals such as, Copper, Tin, Aluminum, Lead, Nickel, will corrode or dissolve in the acid when it reacts with acid rain causing the mass of the metal to decrease. It also causes the metal to rust which makes it useless for the building. All the metals, will decrease in their mass when reacted with acid rain so to measure which metal is destructed the most, the loss in mass for all the metals over a fixed period of time will be used for investigation. * Materials used for the experiment: * 3000 ml of acid rain for investigation. * 1000 ml (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5 ml) measuring cylinder for measuring the amount of acid rain used. * 100 g of solid Tin chips. * 100 g of solid copper chips. * 100 g of solid Iron chips. * 100 g of solid Lead chips. * 100 g of solid nickel chips. * 100 g of solid Aluminium chips. * Stopwatch. * 30 large beakers of 100 ml(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.5 ml) each. * Spatula. * Pan balance (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001 gram) * 5 litres of distilled water. * Variables for the experiment: * Independent Variable: The independent variable of the experiment is the metal used for each trial of the investigation to obtain the data. This is the only factor which will be kept changed for all the experiments. Each metal will be measured by weighing 10 g by using the pan balance for each trial. * Dependent variable: The dependent variable is the loss in mass over the time given for the metal to dissolve in the acid rain. As this will depend on the metal used. As the metal which has the greatest weight loss, that metal would be the one which should not be used for a metal in building. The metal with the least loss should be used. The loss in mass of the metal will be measured in grams by weighing all the beakers with a pan balance with acid rain in it and adding the metal to the acid rain forming a solution and weighing it. After the fixed amount of time kept, weigh the final amount of the beaker. The difference between the initial and the final mass of the beaker with the contents will be the loss which is the dependent variable. * Constants of the experiment: The constant factors of the experiment are the time given for the decrease in mass for all the 6 metals. The mass of each metal used is kept constant for all the trials. The volume of acid rain used is also kept constant for all the trials. * Controlling the variables: To control the variables of the experiment, the metals, will be placed in distilled water to ensure that it does not get dissolved in normal water and only gets eaten away in acid rain so that the metal used will be tested first to see whether it will dissolve in acid rain to achieve the best possible result. * Procedure of the experiment: 1. Measure out 100 ml of distilled water with the measuring cylinder and pour it into the beaker. 2. Weigh the mass of the beaker with the water in it with a pan balance. 3. Take Iron chips and weigh 10 g of it with a pan balance and place it in the beaker. 4. Weigh the beaker with these contents as the initial weight and cover it with a lid. 5. Start the time and keep the time as 30 minutes for the experiment. 6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 for Copper, Tin, Aluminium, Nickel, and Lead. 7. After 30 minutes, weigh the mass of the beaker with its contents. 8. Record the change in mass. 9. Repeat steps 7 to 9 for Aluminum, Copper, Tin, Lead and Nickel. 10. Measure out 100 ml of acid rain with the measuring cylinder and pour it into the beaker. 11. Weigh the mass of the beaker with the acid rain in it with a pan balance. 12. Take Iron chips and weigh 10 g of it with a pan balance and place it in the beaker. 13. Weigh the beaker with these contents as the initial weight and cover it with a lid. 14. Start the time and keep the time as 30 minutes for the experiment. 15. Repeat steps 10 to 14 for Copper, Tin, Aluminium, Nickel, and Lead. 16. After 30 minutes, weigh the mass of the beaker with its contents. 17. Record the change in mass. 18. Repeat steps 7 to 9 for Aluminum, Copper, Tin, Lead and Nickel.

Dailys reluctance Essays

Dailys reluctance Essays Dailys reluctance Essay Dailys reluctance Essay Kipps wants to know more about the village he is travelling to and find out more about Mrs Drablow. Simon Daily speaks openly about Crythin, explaining that there are rarely any visitors; he talks quickly and fluently, maintaining eye contact with Mr Kipps. However, the easy social discourse comes to an abrupt halt when Kipps enquires about the recent demise of his client, Mrs Drablow. His enquiry is greeted by an immediate silence. Samuel Daily clams up, sits up straight in his chair, withdraws eye contact and instead stares pointedly out of the window. He thus conveys very clearly that the subject bothers him and he is not happy to divulge any of the tales that surround her family. Because this behaviour is such a contrast to the easy, friendly manner he had a few moments before, we wonder what could possibly have provoked such a strong reaction. We are left with the suspicion that there things afoot that are so horrible that people do not want to discuss or want to pretend did not happen or just want to cover up. Since we know no more than Kipps we are in the same position as he- and so our identification with him as a character is more complete. Kipps seems surprised by the sudden change in mood, and retreats back into sitting almost in silence for the remainder of the journey while his troubled expression hints at the worries preying on his mind . The tension that has been built up by Dailys reluctance to discuss Mrs Drablow reaches a climax when the lights suddenly go off and the theatre is plunged into darkness. This shocks the audience and the actors, and give us a taste of further shocks that lie in store. The lights flash back on – and we realise that the train has emerged from the tunnel. From this moment we see that Kipps’ anxiety is heightened , conveyed by his gestures- he starts fiddle with his cuffs- and his breathing-he takes deep, slightly uneven breaths. The scene I have just described does much to involve the audience with the feelings of the characters portrayed. By asking us to believe in the situations they find themselves in (i.e. the train, although it is, after all, just a pretend train) we suspend disbelief. By giving our imagination free reign like that, we, the audience, are leaving ourselves open to imagine all sorts of other less everyday things. We are more open to the power of suggestion- especially the fear-inducing suggestions of spectres and unhappy spirits that are to come. The second scene I have chosen to examine takes place immediately after the interval.  The curtain rises after the interval to show Mr Kipps in the office of Mr Jerome (who is being played by the actual, older Mr Kipps) . Earlier in the play, they were in the village graveyard at dusk and the young actor playing the part of the young Mr Kipps caught sight of the ghostly woman in black. This has greatly disturbed Mr Jerome (i.e. the real Arthur Kipps). So, even before Kipps asks Mr Jerome to accompany him back to Eel Marsh House you can tell Mr Jerome is extremely nervous. He nearly jumps out of his chair when Mr Kipps knocks and the rapid darting of his eyes during their encounter gives the impression that he is not fully concentrating on his visitor, but is checking the shadows for any uninvited spectres. Like a vulnerable animal who knows a predator might be lurking nearby he is on red alert, aware his very survival may be threatened. The actor further communicates his unease by the use of his body movements and his voice. For instance, his high pitched greeting and the fidgeting in his office chair show his discomfort at being visited by one who has seen the woman in black .The brief but tense silence that follows Mr Kipp’s proposal that they return to the house and the horrified expression on Mr Jerome’s face confirms his terror. He refuses point blank to help Mr Kipps.  He licks his lips repeatedly suggesting his mouth is dry with fear, another signal of his agitation and distress. He begins to pace the room, clutching a handkerchief with which he dabs his brow- suggesting that he has broken out into a cold sweat-another outward symbol of his anxiety. His clenched fist and stiff posture also reinforce the tension he feels. He cannot bear to look Mr Kipps in the eye so turns from him, thus making a barrier between him and what he sees as the immediate threat. His speech becomes jerky, his voice wavering .Perhaps feeling faint with fear, Mr Jerome leans over supporting himself on the back of his office chair . His body language at this stage seems to be saying that if he does not clutch a solid object, something linked to the earth, he may be in danger of drifting away. Recovering his sense of survival, he has a sudden outburst of shouting. However, this reinforces the audience’s impression that this is not a man in control of his emotions, his voice, his senses, his body .I think Michael Meer’s’ portrayal of Mr Jerome ,in the scene described above, was very effective as he conveyed a lot about the character in a reasonably short scene. He also seemed aware of every part of his body and was therefore able to show complete fear and anxiety. He depicted very successfully a man who had lost his equilibrium, with jerky movements and speech. He showed an inability to regain composure and even planted doubts in the minds of the audience about his sanity. The actors interacted well with the two mirroring each others unease. The stagecraft was good in that the actors both commanded our attention- one was not dominating the scene more than the other.  The two scenes I have described from The Woman in Black show that the dramatic power of the play depends greatly on the skill of the two actors who use all their non verbal skills to develop the tension rather than merely relying on what they are saying. By employing very convincing mime and close observation of how people behave under stress or when they are very frightened, they convince us and involve us in the dark world they create on stage.